You can find all types of programs through our Top Eating Disorder Treatment Centers database via the map. Find the right facility and program for you by using our Top Eating Disorder Treatment Centers database. Eating disorder treatment can be provided on an outpatient basis by a team of a therapist, nutritionist, physician and if needed, psychiatrist or cardiologist. Typically, an individual struggling with an eating disorder will attend appointments one to two times a week with both the therapist and the nutritionist.
The duration of outpatient treatment can vary from three months to seven years or longer. In most cases, a long-term treatment plan is needed and it is not unusual to spend five to seven years in counseling in order to recover from an eating disorder. The next step up in treatment from an outpatient team approach is intensive outpatient.
This often occurs at a hospital or treatment facility where the individual struggling with anorexia, bulimia, binge eating disorder or compulsive overeating attends a treatment clinic two or three times a week, and gains access to all the services in one location. These services generally include counseling, nutritional therapy, group counseling and more.
Partial hospitalization is an alternative to residential care, allowing individuals to continue living at home and keep a foot in the real world. Many partial hospitalization programs also have supportive housing options for individuals who do not live near the clinic.
If the two prior methods of eating disorder treatment are ineffective, then residential or inpatient treatment is recommended. This generally involves a stay at a hospital or treatment center for 30 to 90 days. These residential eating disorder treatment centers often operate holistically and have staff and services to address the multiple needs of their patients. Art therapy, equine therapy, group counseling, individual therapy, nutrition counseling and more are typical fare at treatment centers.
This level of treatment offers a continuum of care 24 hours a day in a hospital setting. The primary focus of this level of care is medical stabilization and interruption of weight loss, with typical stays less than 3 weeks. Antidepressants can also help reduce symptoms of depression or anxiety, which frequently occur along with eating disorders.
You may also need to take medications for physical health problems caused by your eating disorder. Hospitalization may be necessary if you have serious physical or mental health problems or if you have anorexia and are unable to eat or gain weight. Severe or life-threatening physical health problems that occur with anorexia can be a medical emergency. In many cases, the most important goal of hospitalization is to stabilize acute medical symptoms through beginning the process of normalizing eating and weight.
The majority of eating and weight restoration takes place in the outpatient setting. Day treatment programs are structured and generally require attendance for multiple hours a day, several days a week. Day treatment can include medical care; group, individual and family therapy; structured eating sessions; and nutrition education. With residential treatment, you temporarily live at an eating disorder treatment facility.
A residential treatment program may be necessary if you need long-term care for your eating disorder or you've been in the hospital a number of times but your mental or physical health hasn't improved.
Eating disorders can cause serious health problems related to inadequate nutrition, overeating, bingeing and other factors.
The type of health problems caused by eating disorders depends on the type and severity of the eating disorder. In many cases, problems caused by an eating disorder require ongoing treatment and monitoring. You are the most important member of your treatment team.
For successful treatment, you need to be actively involved in your treatment and so do your family members and other loved ones. Your treatment team can provide education and tell you where to find more information and support.
There's a lot of misinformation about eating disorders on the web, so follow your treatment team's advice and get suggestions on reputable websites to learn more about your eating disorder.
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Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. In addition, theoretical considerations, rather than empirical evidence, guided some of our conclusions regarding the moderators.
For example, there is no empirical evidence supporting our speculation that the success of selected programs is because the distress of high-risk samples causes them to more effectively engage in the program content.
Finally, many programs that have produced promising effects have not included long term follow-up periods, which makes it difficult to discern how persistent the effects are.
Although many programs produced effects, they could be larger and more persistent. In fact, the average effects in the meta-analysis overall were relatively small, ranging from nonexistent to large. Further, researchers should build upon successful content and design features suggested by the meta-analysis. More researchers also should examine mediators of intervention effects, which is necessary to understand the effects of the non-specific factors that likely explained why some interventions did not produce stronger effects than minimal-intervention control conditions.
Examining the moderators of intervention effects is also vital to identifying the types of participants who best respond to particular prevention programs and suggesting how to design programs that benefit more participants. To better understand the role of various etiologic ED risk factors, more randomized, experimental trials of prevention programs are also needed. This is the only way to isolate the role of a risk factor on EP.
Further, many trials did not include a control group, making it impossible to separate the intervention effects from the effects from the passage of time, regression to the mean, or measurement artifacts. More trials also need to incorporate placebo or alternative intervention control groups, which helps to isolate intervention effects from effects arising from non-specific factors, demand characteristics, or expectancies. A number of trials did not include a measure of ED symptoms or diagnoses, which limits what can be learned, and there are also very few effectiveness trials that assess whether an intervention works when recruitment and delivery are performed by endogenous providers rather than professional interventionists.
Finally, many researchers failed to report effect sizes, making it difficult to interpret the findings, and few researchers examined differential change in outcomes across condition, which is essential for the proper interpretation of effects.
Researchers should use these results as a foundation for developing future ED prevention interventions. The most efficacious interventions should be refined and tested in effectiveness trials to enhance cost-effectiveness and identify possible barriers to wide dissemination of these programs.
Independent replications of the most promising prevention trials need to be conducted, and further examination of the moderators and mediators needs to occur. General prevention techniques that build upon successful content features, like incorporating social psychological principles such as dissonance and strategic presentation to combat risk factors, should be developed. Finally, clinical preventionists who have limited resources for research should attempt to implement existing efficacious programs and report on their clinical experiences, as opposed to using new untested programs that may have little effect.
Ultimately, we hope that the findings from our summary of the literature can be used to help researchers continue to conduct methodologically rigorous and programmatic studies to help refine and improve prevention programs aimed at reducing the risk and prevalence of ED and EP, and also to help clinicians implement programs that are more likely to produce beneficial results.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Author manuscript; available in PMC Sep Heather Shaw , Ph. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Corresponding author for proof and reprints: Heather Shaw, Ph. Co-Authors: Eric Stice, Ph. Copyright notice. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Abstract This paper reviews eating disorder ED prevention programs, highlighting features that define successful programs and particularly promising interventions, and how they might be further refined.
Keywords: eating disorders, prevention, meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of ED Prevention Programs: Defining Successful Programs Meta-analyses are ideal for elucidating participant, intervention, and research design features associated with the strongest intervention effects on ED risk factors and symptoms, and the optimal conditions for prevention efforts.
Features of Successful ED Prevention Programs The meta-analysis pointed to several important features of ED prevention programs that moderated effects sizes, and also to particularly promising prevention programs. Successful ED Prevention Programs The meta-analytic review identified several prevention programs that have successfully reduced current and future ED symptoms, and several that have also reduced the risk for onset of threshold or subthrehold EDs e.
Dissonance Induction Interventions: The Body Project The Body Project is an intervention based on the social psychological principle of cognitive dissonance. Sorority Body Image Program Becker and colleagues developed a 2-session version of the dissonance intervention and successfully applied it to sororities. Healthy Weight Intervention The Healthy Weight intervention was originally included as a control group in a paper testing the dissonance program, and was also found to reduce the future onset of both ED symptoms and obesity, and result in improved psychosocial functioning and reduced mental health care utilization at one-year follow-up [ 8 ].
Girl Talk Girl Talk is an interactive, six- session intervention that consists of a peer-support group that is centered on promoting critical media use, body acceptance, healthy weight control behaviors, and stress management skills [ 34 ]. Student Bodies Student Bodies [ 37 ] is an 8-week computer-administered ED prevention program based on cognitive-behavioral body dissatisfaction interventions e. Weigh to Eat Another intervention that is psychoeducational but incorporates social-cognitive principles for behavior change is Weigh to Eat , developed by Neumark-Sztainer and colleagues.
Additional Promising Programs A couple of other psychoeducational based interventions have proven successful, too, despite the overall finding that in general these types of programs are not effective. Conclusions and Summary This review highlighted that researchers in the ED field have developed a number of prevention programs that have successfully decreased current EP and the risk for future increases in EP, and that many programs have successfully decreased risk factors for ED.
Footnotes Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. References 1. Eating Disorders. Child Psychopathology. New York: Guilford; Stice E, Bulik CM. Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. Eating disorders during adolescence and the risk for physical and mental disorders during early adolescence.
Arch Gen Psychiatry. Naturalistic weight reduction efforts prospectively predict growth in relative weight and onset of obesity among female adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. Prevention of eating disorders: Challenges and opportunities. Int J Eat Disord. Stice E. A prospective test of the dual pathway model of bulimic pathology: Mediating effects of dieting and negative affect.
J Abnorm Psychol. Longitudinal predictors of restrictive eating and bulimic tendencies in three different age groups of adolescent girls.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: A randomized efficacy trial. An experimental test of the affect-regulation model of bulimic symptoms and substance use: An affective intervention.
Relation of peer and media influences to the development of purging behaviors among preadolescent and adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Burton EM, Stice E. Evaluation of a healthy-weight treatment program for bulimia nervosa: A preliminary randomized trial. Behav Res Ther.
Nondieting versus dieting treatments for overweight binge-eating women. The psychological consequences of weight gain prevention in healthy, premenopausal women. Presnell K, Stice E. An experimental test of the effect of weight-loss dieting on bulimic pathology: Tipping the scales in a different direction. Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: Long-term effects from a randomized efficacy trial.
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